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Church History
Roman emperor, 249–251 · c. 201–251

Decius

The emperor who ordered every inhabitant of the empire to sacrifice to the gods and obtain a certificate proving it, the first empire-wide test that forced Christians to choose. He was killed fighting the Goths in 251. The dispute over those who denied Christ under him divided the churches and led to the Novatianist separation.

His rise

A Senator from the Danube

Gaius Messius Quintus Decius was born around 201 near Sirmium in Pannonia, on the Danube frontier. Unlike many of the soldier-emperors of his century, he was a senator of wealth and standing who had governed provinces in Spain and on the lower Danube. He was married to Herennia Etruscilla and had two sons.

In 249 the emperor Philip sent him to restore order among the mutinous legions of the Danube. The troops proclaimed Decius emperor instead. He marched on Italy, defeated and killed Philip near Verona, and was recognized by the Senate. He added Trajan to his name, a sign that he meant to restore the glory and the old ways of Rome.

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